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AnyScalar

tensor4all_core::any_scalar

Struct AnyScalar

pub struct AnyScalar { /* private fields */ }

Expand description

Dynamic scalar compatibility wrapper for tensor4all-core. This owns a rank-0 IdxTensor so that scalar values can participate in the same eager autodiff graph as tensors while preserving the existing dynamic scalar API shape. The infallible scalar constructors retain a tensor-initialization failure for later fallible tensor or AD operations. Infallible arithmetic also retains typed backend diagnostics and the tracked-state marker when an eager operation fails.

Implementations§

impl AnyScalar

pub fn from_value<T: ScalarTensorElement>(value: T) -> Self

Creates an AnyScalar from a tensor element.

Use this when you already have a scalar value that implements TensorElement and want to lift it into the dynamic scalar wrapper.

§Arguments

value - The scalar value to wrap.

§Returns

A rank-0 AnyScalar containing value. The supported scalar types are f32, f64, Complex32, and Complex64; the dtype is retained without promotion.

Tensor initialization is attempted eagerly. Because this constructor is infallible, an initialization failure is retained and returned by later tensor- or AD-dependent operations such as AnyScalar::enable_grad. Value-only accessors and non-AD arithmetic remain available.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::from_value(3.0f64);
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 3.0);
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn from_real(x: f64) -> Self

Creates a real-valued AnyScalar.

This is a convenience wrapper around AnyScalar::from_value.

§Arguments

x - The real scalar value to wrap.

§Returns

A rank-0 AnyScalar with real dtype.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::from_real(1.25);
assert_eq!(scalar.as_f64(), Some(1.25));
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn from_complex(re: f64, im: f64) -> Self

Creates a complex-valued AnyScalar.

This is a convenience wrapper around AnyScalar::from_value.

§Arguments

re - The real part of the complex value.
im - The imaginary part of the complex value.

§Returns

A rank-0 AnyScalar containing the requested complex number.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::from_complex(1.0, -2.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.as_c64().map(|z| (z.re, z.im)), Some((1.0, -2.0)));
assert!(scalar.is_complex());

pub fn new_real(x: f64) -> Self

Creates a real-valued AnyScalar.

This is an alias for AnyScalar::from_real.

§Arguments

x - The real scalar value to wrap.

§Returns

A rank-0 AnyScalar with real dtype.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_real(2.5);
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 2.5);
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn new_complex(re: f64, im: f64) -> Self

Creates a complex-valued AnyScalar.

This is an alias for AnyScalar::from_complex.

§Arguments

re - The real part of the complex value.
im - The imaginary part of the complex value.

§Returns

A rank-0 AnyScalar containing the requested complex number.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(2.0, 3.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.as_c64().map(|z| (z.re, z.im)), Some((2.0, 3.0)));
assert!(scalar.is_complex());

pub fn primal(&self) -> Result<Self, AnyScalarError>

Returns the detached primal value of this scalar.

This is an alias for AnyScalar::detach.

§Returns

A scalar with the same value and no gradient tracking.

§Errors

Returns an error when the scalar is not a tracked leaf (a missing-graph /// failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let primal = AnyScalar::new_real(5.0).enable_grad().unwrap().primal().unwrap();
assert_eq!(primal.real(), 5.0);
assert!(!primal.tracks_grad());

pub fn enable_grad(self) -> Result<Self, AnyScalarError>

Enables gradient tracking for this scalar.

§Returns

A new scalar that shares the same value but participates in autodiff.

§Errors

Returns the original tensor-initialization diagnostic if this scalar’s eager backend tensor could not be created, or propagates an AD runtime failure while enabling gradients.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).enable_grad().unwrap();
assert!(scalar.tracks_grad());

pub fn tracks_grad(&self) -> bool

Returns whether this scalar tracks gradients.

§Returns

true when the scalar participates in autodiff or retains a failed tracked operation, otherwise false.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_real(1.0);
assert!(!scalar.tracks_grad());

pub fn grad(&self) -> Result<Option<Self>, AnyScalarError>

Returns the stored gradient, if any.

§Returns

Ok(Some(_)) when a gradient is available, Ok(None) when no gradient has been recorded, or an error if the backend cannot read it.

§Errors

Returns an error when the scalar is not a tracked leaf or the gradient is /// unavailable (a missing-graph or dtype mismatch failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let x = AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).enable_grad().unwrap();
let y = &x * &x;
y.backward().unwrap();

let grad = x.grad().unwrap().unwrap();
assert_eq!(grad.real(), 4.0);

pub fn clear_grad(&self) -> Result<(), AnyScalarError>

Clears the stored gradient for this scalar.

§Returns

Ok(()) when the gradient buffer was cleared successfully.

§Errors

Returns an error when the scalar is not a tracked leaf (a missing-graph /// failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let x = AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).enable_grad().unwrap();
let y = &x * &x;
y.backward().unwrap();
assert!(x.grad().unwrap().is_some());

x.clear_grad().unwrap();
assert!(x.grad().unwrap().is_none());

pub fn backward(&self) -> Result<(), AnyScalarError>

Runs reverse-mode autodiff starting from this scalar.

§Returns

Ok(()) when gradients were accumulated successfully.

§Errors

Returns an error when the scalar is not a scalar-valued leaf or the reverse /// pass fails (a graph failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let x = AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).enable_grad().unwrap();
let y = &x * &x;
y.backward().unwrap();

let grad = x.grad().unwrap().unwrap();
assert_eq!(grad.real(), 4.0);

pub fn detach(&self) -> Result<Self, AnyScalarError>

Returns a detached copy of this scalar.

§Returns

A scalar with the same value but without gradient tracking.

§Errors

Returns an error when the scalar is not a tracked leaf (a missing-graph /// failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let detached = AnyScalar::new_real(7.0)
    .enable_grad()
    .unwrap()
    .detach()
    .unwrap();
assert_eq!(detached.real(), 7.0);
assert!(!detached.tracks_grad());

pub fn real(&self) -> f64

Returns the real part of this scalar.

§Returns

The real component as an f64, regardless of the underlying storage type.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 3.0);

pub fn imag(&self) -> f64

Returns the imaginary part of this scalar.

§Returns

The imaginary component as an f64. Real-valued scalars return 0.0.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.imag(), -4.0);

pub fn abs(&self) -> f64

Returns the magnitude of this scalar.

§Returns

The absolute value for real scalars or the complex norm for complex scalars.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.abs(), 5.0);

pub fn is_complex(&self) -> bool

Returns whether this scalar is complex-valued.

§Returns

true for complex dtypes and false for real or integer dtypes.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

assert!(AnyScalar::new_complex(1.0, 2.0).is_complex());
assert!(!AnyScalar::new_real(1.0).is_complex());

pub fn is_real(&self) -> bool

Returns whether this scalar is real-valued.

§Returns

true when the scalar is not complex-valued.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

assert!(AnyScalar::new_real(1.0).is_real());
assert!(!AnyScalar::new_complex(1.0, 2.0).is_real());

pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool

Returns whether this scalar is exactly zero.

§Returns

true for exact zeros and false for any nonzero value.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

assert!(AnyScalar::new_real(0.0).is_zero());
assert!(!AnyScalar::new_complex(0.0, 1.0).is_zero());

pub fn as_f64(&self) -> Option<f64>

Returns this scalar as an f64 when it is real-valued.

§Returns

Some(value) for real and integer scalars, or None for complex scalars.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

assert_eq!(AnyScalar::new_real(2.5).as_f64(), Some(2.5));
assert_eq!(AnyScalar::new_complex(2.5, 1.0).as_f64(), None);

pub fn as_c64(&self) -> Option<Complex64>

Returns this scalar as a Complex64 when it is complex-valued.

§Returns

Some(value) for complex scalars or None for real and integer scalars.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(2.5, 1.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.as_c64().map(|z| (z.re, z.im)), Some((2.5, 1.0)));
assert_eq!(AnyScalar::new_real(2.5).as_c64(), None);

pub fn try_conj(&self) -> Result<Self, AnyScalarError>

Returns the complex conjugate of this scalar.

§Returns

The conjugated scalar. Real-valued inputs are returned unchanged.

§Errors

Returns an error when the conjugation fails (a dtype mismatch or backend /// failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0).conj();
assert_eq!(scalar.as_c64().map(|z| (z.re, z.im)), Some((3.0, 4.0)));

pub fn conj(&self) -> Self

Returns the complex conjugate of this scalar.

pub fn real_part(&self) -> Self

Returns the real part as a real-valued scalar.

§Returns

A real-valued scalar containing the real component of self.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0).real_part();
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 3.0);
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn imag_part(&self) -> Self

Returns the imaginary part as a real-valued scalar.

§Returns

A real-valued scalar containing the imaginary component of self.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_complex(3.0, -4.0).imag_part();
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), -4.0);
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn compose_complex(real: Self, imag: Self) -> Result<Self, AnyScalarError>

Combines two real-valued scalars into a complex scalar.

§Arguments

real - The real component.
imag - The imaginary component.

§Returns

A complex AnyScalar whose real and imaginary parts come from the inputs.

§Errors

Returns an error when the components cannot be composed (a dtype mismatch or a backend failure).

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::compose_complex(
    AnyScalar::new_real(3.0),
    AnyScalar::new_real(-4.0),
)
.unwrap();
assert_eq!(scalar.as_c64().map(|z| (z.re, z.im)), Some((3.0, -4.0)));

pub fn sqrt(&self) -> Self

Returns the square root of this scalar.

§Returns

The principal square root. Negative real inputs and complex inputs use complex arithmetic.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_real(9.0).sqrt();
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 3.0);
assert!(scalar.is_real());

pub fn powf(&self, exponent: f64) -> Self

Raises this scalar to a floating-point power.

§Arguments

exponent - The exponent to apply.

§Returns

The value of self^exponent.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

let scalar = AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).powf(3.0);
assert_eq!(scalar.real(), 8.0);

pub fn powi(&self, exponent: i32) -> Self

Raises this scalar to an integer power.

§Arguments

exponent - The integer exponent to apply. Negative exponents return

the reciprocal power.

§Returns

The value of self^exponent. Zero exponents return 1.

§Examples

use tensor4all_core::AnyScalar;

assert_eq!(AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).powi(3).real(), 8.0);
assert_eq!(AnyScalar::new_real(2.0).powi(-1).real(), 0.5);

Trait Implementations§

impl Add for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Add<&AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Add<&AnyScalar> for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Add<AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.

fn add(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the + operation. Read more

impl Clone for AnyScalar

fn clone(&self) -> AnyScalar

Returns a duplicate of the value. Read more

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more

impl Debug for AnyScalar

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl Default for AnyScalar

fn default() -> Self

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more

impl Display for AnyScalar

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more

impl Div for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div<&AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div<&AnyScalar> for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div<AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl Div<AnyScalar> for Complex64

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the / operator.

fn div(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the / operation. Read more

impl From<AnyScalar> for Complex64

fn from(value: AnyScalar) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Complex<f32>> for AnyScalar

fn from(value: Complex32) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<Complex<f64>> for AnyScalar

fn from(value: Complex64) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<f32> for AnyScalar

fn from(value: f32) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl From<f64> for AnyScalar

fn from(value: f64) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl Mul for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Mul<&AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Mul<&AnyScalar> for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Mul<AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Mul<AnyScalar> for f64

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Mul<AnyScalar> for Complex64

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.

fn mul(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the * operation. Read more

impl Neg for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn neg(self) -> Self::Output

Performs the unary - operation. Read more

impl Neg for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn neg(self) -> Self::Output

Performs the unary - operation. Read more

impl One for AnyScalar

fn one() -> Self

Returns the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1. Read more

fn set_one(&mut self)

Sets self to the multiplicative identity element of Self, 1.

fn is_one(&self) -> bool
where Self: PartialEq,

Returns true if self is equal to the multiplicative identity. Read more

impl PartialEq for AnyScalar

fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl PartialOrd for AnyScalar

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more

impl Sub for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more

impl Sub<&AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more

impl Sub<&AnyScalar> for AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: &AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more

impl Sub<AnyScalar> for &AnyScalar

type Output = AnyScalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.

fn sub(self, rhs: AnyScalar) -> Self::Output

Performs the - operation. Read more

impl SumFromStorage for AnyScalar

fn sum_from_storage(storage: &Storage) -> Self

Compute the sum of all elements in the storage.

impl TryFrom<AnyScalar> for f64

type Error = &'static str

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(value: AnyScalar) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl Zero for AnyScalar

fn zero() -> Self

Returns the additive identity element of Self, 0. Read more

fn is_zero(&self) -> bool

Returns true if self is equal to the additive identity.

fn set_zero(&mut self)

Sets self to the additive identity element of Self, 0.

Auto Trait Implementations§

impl !RefUnwindSafe for AnyScalar

impl !UnwindSafe for AnyScalar

impl Freeze for AnyScalar

impl Send for AnyScalar

impl Sync for AnyScalar

impl Unpin for AnyScalar

impl UnsafeUnpin for AnyScalar

Blanket Implementations§

impl<Rhs, Lhs, Output> AddByRef<Rhs> for Lhs
where &'a Lhs: for<'a> Add<&'a Rhs, Output = Output>,

type Output = Output

fn add_by_ref(&self, rhs: &Rhs) -> <Lhs as AddByRef<Rhs>>::Output

impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more

impl<U> As for U

fn as_<T>(self) -> T
where T: CastFrom<U>, U: Sized,

Casts self to type T. The semantics of numeric casting with the as operator are followed, so <T as As>::as_::<U> can be used in the same way as T as U for numeric conversions. Read more

impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more

impl<T> ByRef<T> for T

fn by_ref(&self) -> &T

impl<ST, DT> CastableFrom<ST, Initialized, Initialized> for DT
where ST: ?Sized, DT: ?Sized,

impl<ST, DT> CastableFrom<ST, Uninit, Uninit> for DT
where ST: ?Sized, DT: ?Sized,

impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dest: *mut u8)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (clone_to_uninit)

Performs copy-assignment from self to dest. Read more

impl<Rhs, Lhs, Output> DivByRef<Rhs> for Lhs
where &'a Lhs: for<'a> Div<&'a Rhs, Output = Output>,

type Output = Output

fn div_by_ref(&self, rhs: &Rhs) -> <Lhs as DivByRef<Rhs>>::Output

impl<T> From<T> for T

fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

impl<T, U> Imply<T> for U
where T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

impl<T> IntoEither for T

fn into_either(self, into_left: bool) -> Either<Self, Self>

Converts self into a Left variant of Either<Self, Self> if into_left is true. Converts self into a Right variant of Either<Self, Self> otherwise. Read more

fn into_either_with<F>(self, into_left: F) -> Either<Self, Self>
where F: FnOnce(&Self) -> bool,

Converts self into a Left variant of Either<Self, Self> if into_left(&self) returns true. Converts self into a Right variant of Either<Self, Self> otherwise. Read more

impl<T> MaybeSend for T
where T: Send,

impl<T> MaybeSendSync for T
where T: Send + Sync,

impl<T> MaybeSync for T
where T: Sync,

impl<M> Measure for M
where M: Debug + PartialOrd + Add<Output = M> + Default + Clone,

impl<Rhs, Lhs, Output> MulByRef<Rhs> for Lhs
where &'a Lhs: for<'a> Mul<&'a Rhs, Output = Output>,

type Output = Output

fn mul_by_ref(&self, rhs: &Rhs) -> <Lhs as MulByRef<Rhs>>::Output

impl<T, Output> NegByRef for T
where &'a T: for<'a> Neg<Output = Output>,

type Output = Output

fn neg_by_ref(&self) -> <T as NegByRef>::Output

impl<T> Pointable for T

const ALIGN: usize

The alignment of pointer.

type Init = T

The type for initializers.

unsafe fn init(init: <T as Pointable>::Init) -> usize

Initializes a with the given initializer. Read more

unsafe fn deref<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a T

Dereferences the given pointer. Read more

unsafe fn deref_mut<'a>(ptr: usize) -> &'a mut T

Mutably dereferences the given pointer. Read more

unsafe fn drop(ptr: usize)

Drops the object pointed to by the given pointer. Read more

impl<T> Read<Exclusive, BecauseExclusive> for T
where T: ?Sized,

impl<Rhs, Lhs, Output> SubByRef<Rhs> for Lhs
where &'a Lhs: for<'a> Sub<&'a Rhs, Output = Output>,

type Output = Output

fn sub_by_ref(&self, rhs: &Rhs) -> <Lhs as SubByRef<Rhs>>::Output

impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.

fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more

fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more

impl<T> ToString for T
where T: Display + ?Sized,

fn to_string(&self) -> String

Converts the given value to a String. Read more

impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.

impl<V, T> VZip<V> for T
where V: MultiLane<T>,

fn vzip(self) -> V